Insight: journal of applied research in education

Department of Education

University of Kashmir

Print ISSN: 0975-0665 Online ISSN: NA

Children start language learning since birth. As they grow and develop, their speech and language skills become increasingly complex. They learn to understand and use language to express their thoughts and emotions and to communicate with others. A child's reading and writing skills play a crucial role in determining how well they will perform in school and how useful they will be to society later in life. Although reading and writing skills continue to improve throughout life, the early years of childhood are the most critical for development Strong reading and writing abilities not only allow students to explore the world Of imagination and creativity, but also make understanding various subjects easier and more accessible. However, the ability to read and write does not develop naturally; it requires proper planning and implementation. Teachers and educational approaches that provide children With regular opportunities to express them in written and spoken formats, without forcing them into grammatical perfection or ideal handwriting. It enables students to truly grasp the purpose of these skills and become more valuable contributors to society.

NEP 2020 is a landmark reform that Will affect the higher education sector in particular. This paper examines the significant reforms that were proposed under NEP 2020: restructuring higher education institutions into multidisciplinary universities, introducing holistic and flexible learning frameworks, the Academic Bank ofCredits, the Multiple Entry and Exit System, and the establishment of the Higher Education Commission Of India. It further discusses the policy's Vision to internationalize higher education that places India at the global academic standard benchmark, and ranking. NEP 2020 thus aimed at improving access, equity, quality, and innovation while promoting research, skill development, and global competitiveness through these initiatives Notwithstanding its transformative potential, NEP 2020's implementation faces significant challenges related to financial constraints, regulatory restructuring, digital divides, and differences in state-level preparedness This paper concludes that NEP 2020 has a comprehensive and progressive blueprintfor modernizing Indian higher education, but its success is contingent upon sustained investment, collaborative governance and timely resolution of struct-uml and administrative barriers.

This paper examines the open-book examination (OBE) system, a form of assessment where students can use reference materials like textbooks and notes during the exam. The study uses a SWOT analysis to identifi the key aspects 0fOBEs and further investigate the perspectives Of university teachers on the factors that affect the integrity of these examinations A mixed-methods research design was employed to fulfil the dual objectives of the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the research sample, which comprised 94 university teachers. Data was collected using a five-point Likert Scale and analyzed using frequency, percentage, and mean. The findings Of the analysis showed that test paper design, administrative issues and unreliable evaluation are the main causes compromising the integrity of open-book exams However, malpractice issues and diminishing education quality had a modest influence Keywords: Open-book, Assessment, University teachers, NEP, Council.

Universal Design for Learning has emerged as a transformative framework aimed at creatingflexible inclusive and equitable learning en vironments for diverse learners. The Universal Des ignfor Learn ing framework gives you multiple ways to present content, involve students. and assess their responses. It helps you respond to diverse learning needs at the point ofinstruction and supports flexible learning pathways. UDI. seeks to remove learning barriers and accelerate academic growth for all students irrespective of their abilities, backgrounds or learning preferences. This paper examines how UDI, functions as a catalyst for improving learning outcomes by promoting learning Autonomy enhancing motivation and enabling differentiated instruction.

The rapid expansion ofsocial media has transformed adolescents' social interactions and emotional experiences While these platforms Offer opportunities for communication, identity exploration, and peer support, they may also expose adolescents to emotional stressors such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and digital pressure. This qualitative study explores adolescents' perceptions of the relationship between social media use, emotional intelligence, and psychological well-being. Semi- structured interviews were conducted with fifteen adolescents aged 14—18 years from senior secondary school Of Central Kashmir. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's framework Four major themes emerged: (1) Social media as a medium for emotional expression, (2) Emotional turbulence resulting from online interactions, (3) Emotional intelligence as a coping resource, and (4) Digital pressures influencing psychological well-being. The findings suggest that emotional intelligence may support adolescents in interpreting and regulating emotional responses to online experiences. The study highlights the importance of integrating emotional intelligence development and digital literacy education within school settings to support adolescents' well-being in digitally mediated environments

Skill, Knowledge, and Growl": New Educational Policy Reforms in Telangana " wouldfocus on the state government's efforts to overhaul the education system to be more responsive to modern ecunomic needs. It would highlight key initiatives aimed at bridging the gap between academia and industry, fostering a culture of innovation, and preparing a skilled workforce for the future. The policy aims to integrate vocational training and practical skills into the academic curriculum af all loels, from school to higher education. This shift is designed to move awayfrom a traditional knowledvheavy model toward a more skill-oriented system that aligns with industry demands. A central component is strengthening partnershiA€ between educational institutions and the corporate sector. This includes introducing industry-specific courses, providing opportunitiesfor internships, and involving companies in curriculum design to ensure that graduates possess relevant and up-to-date skills. The policy recognizes the critical role of educators. There are plans to implement comprehemsive teacher training programs focused on new teaching methodologies and emerging technologies. Ihe government is also considering sending teachers abroad for exposure to global best practices. The government intends to invest in improving school infrastructure, particularly in government schools, to create a conducive learning environment. Additionally, there's a strong emphasis on leveraging digital learning to enhance student engagement and ensure equitable access to quality education. To support these reforms, the government is setting up specialized institutions like lhe Young India Skills University and a Young India Sports University. The goal is to provide targeted skill developmentfor unemployed youth and promote excellence in sports. These reforms are guided by the Telangana Education Gunmission, Which has been tasked with drafting a comprehensive policy document that considers the state's specific needs while aligning With the broader principles Ofthe National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

The paper investigates the role of neurons in the learning process and the emerging field of neuroplasticity, shedding light on how our brains adapt when acquiring new skills. It emphasizes the need for a neuron-oriented curriculum to revolutionize teaching and learning methods. Socioeconomic Status is scrutinized for its profound impact on brain development, with studies revealing the structural differences in the brains of children from impoverished backgrounds. Chronic stress, often linked to low economic status, further jeopardizes cognitive development The paper also highlights the influence of diet on cognitive abilities, emphasizing the importance Of essential nutrients, omega-3 fatty acids antioxidants, and B vitamins. It underscores how a balanced diet can significantly affect a child's mood, energy levels, and learning capabilities Furthermore, the paper advocates for a comprehensive approach to educatiom considering the intricate interplay of education, neurons, and nutrition. By recognizing the importance Of both mental and physical well-being, educators and policymakers can pave the way for a brighter, more holistic future for students

Screen addiction among adolescents has become a significant behavioral and psychosocial concern due to the widespread use of digital devices. Adolescence, marked by emotional sensitivity and identity formation, is particularly vulnerable to excessive screen use. While prior research has focused on quantitative trends, this qualitative case study explores the lived experiences of ten adolescents aged 14-18 exhibiting problematic screen behavior. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with adolescents and parents, behavioral observations, and daily screen-time logs, and analyzed thematically. Findings revealed common patterns including increased screen time, disrupted sleep, declining academic performance, and reduced attention. Emotional effects such as irritability, restlessness, and resistance to device restrictions werefrequently reported. Social withdrawal was also evident, with adolescenG preferring digital engagement over face-to-face interactions Family relationships were often strained due to conflicts over screen use, though adolescents viewed digital media as a coping mechanism for stress, loneliness, and academic pressure. The study highlights that screen addiction is multifaceted, linked to emotional regulation and family dynamics rather than merely behavioral excess. It underscores the need for early, empathetic, and individualized interventions, particularly family-centered approaches that promote communication and support. Further research is recommended to strengthen intervention strategies and inform policy Key Words: Screen Addiction; Case Study; Cognitive Functioning; Parent- Child Communications

Gamification is now a cutting-edge teaching method that raises student success, motivation, and engagement. It aims to increase the interactivity and enjoyment of learning experiences by integrating game design features like points, badges, leaderboards and challenges into instructional procedures This review paper synthesizes theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence from the past decade to examine the role, benefits, and limitations of gamification in primary and secondary education. The findings indicate that gamification fosters active learning, collaboration, and intrinsic motivation when effectively designed and aligned with curricular goals However, its success depends on thoughtful implementation, teacher preparedness and a balanced emphasis on both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators.

Inclusive education, as envisioned in the National Education policy (NEP) 2020 and mandated by the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act 2016, emphasizes equitable participation, individualized support, and barrier-free learning environments for children with disabilities. However, the gap between policy intent and ground realities remains significant, particularly in resource- constrained contexts such as Jammu and Kashmir. This study presents five detailed qualitative case studies Of children With diverse disabilities—Spina Bifida, Cerebral Palsy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Hearing Impairment, and Dyslexia—enrolled in mainstream schools across urban and rural regions. Data were gathered through in-depth interviews, classroom observations, and interactions With teachers, parents, and resource personnel. The cases reveal recurring challenges including infrastructural inaccessibility, limited teacher preparedness, insufficient assistive support inconsistent classroom accommodations, peer insensitivity, and emotional stress experienced by children and families. Simultaneously, the narratives highlight examples of teacher empathy, peer collaboration, parental resilience, and the transformative potential Of resource teachers. Cross-case analysis identifies five major themes shaping inclusive education outcomes: physical accessibility, pedagogical adaptation, emotional wellbeing, peer relationships, and institutional readiness. Findings underscore the need for systematic teacher training in special pedagogy, school-wide sensitization programs, structured Individualized Education Plans (IEPS), accesslble infrastructure, and stronger policy implementation mechanisms The study concludes that meaningful inclusion requires not only enrollment but sustained, coordinated efforts across schools, families, and policy frameworks. These case studies provide evidence-based insights to inform educational reform, strengthen inclusive practices, and promote the dignity and participation of children with disabilities in mainstream schooling.